Abstract

Abstract

Background: Insomnia is a common sleep condition that impairs daily functioning by making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep.In the context of Ayurveda, insomnia is referred to as Anidra, a Manasika Vikara primarily caused by Vata and Pitta imbalance and depletion of Tarpaka Kapha. One of the classical treatments for Anidra is Shirodhara, a unique therapy involving continuous pouring of medicated oil or other liquids on the forehead, which has been traditionally used to calm the mind and induce restful sleep. Objective: To scientifically explore the concept, procedure, and recent evidence regarding the efficacy of Shirodhara in managing insomnia. Materials and Methods:
A thorough review of classical Ayurvedic texts and recent clinical research articles (2004–2023) was conducted. Analysis was done on Shirodhara's process, indications, contraindications, duration, and mechanistic insights. Five key studies were reviewed to extract clinical outcomes in insomnia patients treated with Shirodhara using various medicated liquids. Results: Shirodhara was found to reduce sleep latency, increase total sleep time, and improve subjective sleep quality. Mechanistically, it influences the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, lowers cortisol levels, and enhances alpha and theta brainwave activity, indicative of relaxation. Oils with Vatashamaka, Medhya, and Snigdha qualities that were advantageous in Anidra included Brahmi Taila and Ksheerabala Taila. Clinical trials have validated its safety and effectiveness in managing both primary and stress-induced insomnia. Conclusion: Shirodhara, with its multidimensional impact on the nervous system, mental stress, and dosha equilibrium, offers a safe, effective, and non-pharmacological solution for insomnia. Further large-scale and neurobiologically designed studies are warranted to establish standard protocols and global applicability.