Abstract

Abstract

Inflammation is a fundamental physiological defense mechanism initiated by the body in response to infection, toxins, trauma, or tissue damage. It is classically characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain, all of which reflect underlying vascular and cellular processes aimed at eliminating harmful stimuli and initiating repair. However, when inflammation becomes excessive, chronic, or uncontrolled, it contributes to a wide range of pathological conditions. Modern medicine relies predominantly on corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage such inflammatory states. Although effective, these agents are associated with significant adverse effects including gastrointestinal irritation, renal impairment, delayed wound healing, and immunosuppression especially with long-term use. This has prompted increasing interest in herbal, plant-based, and integrative medicines that can offer effective anti-inflammatory action with better safety margins. Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, describes several external therapeutic formulations for localized inflammatory conditions. One such classical formulation is Bodhyadi Lepa, cited in the Luta Visha Pratishedha Adhyaya (management of spider bite) of Ashtanga Sangraha Uttarsthana. It is specifically indicated for the management of inflammation and swelling caused by Luta damsha (spider bite), a condition closely resembling acute inflammatory reactions. Bodhyadi Lepa is composed of three herbs: Bodhi (Ficus religiosa), Shleshmataka (Cordia dichotoma), and Vibhitaka (Terminalia belarica). Classical Ayurvedic texts attribute to these herbs properties such as shothahara (anti-inflammatory), vedanasthapana (analgesic), and vishaghna (anti-toxic), suggesting a broad therapeutic utility. These herbs are easily available, economical and traditionally considered safe for external use. This review synthesizes both classical Ayurvedic literature and contemporary scientific evidence to critically assess the anti-inflammatory potential of Bodhyadi Lepa.