Abstract

Abstract

Background: Ya?ada Bhasma (incinerated zinc) is a classical herbo-mineral formulation mentioned in Ayurveda texts as Netra-roga-hara, Prameha-n??aka, and Vra?a-ropaka [1,2]. Traditionally, its preparation requires multiple pu?as (calcination cycles) using Gajapu?a (cow-dung cake-based heating system). With the advent of modern technology, the Electric Muffle Furnace (EMF) has been increasingly employed to replicate pu?a conditions in a standardized and reproducible manner. Objective: To review and compare the physicochemical, pharmacological, and clinical outcomes of Ya?ada Bhasma prepared using the EMF pu?a method with traditional Gajapu?a. Methods: A PRISMA-guided review of published articles (2010–2024) was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and AYUSH Research Portal. Inclusion criteria: studies on Ya?ada Bhasma prepared specifically via EMF, with or without comparative analysis to Gajapu?a. Exclusion: Formulations not related to Ya?ada Bhasma, review articles without experimental data, full text unavailability. A comparative table of EMF vs Gajapu?a was also prepared. Results: From 24 records, 9 eligible studies were included. EMF-prepared Bhasma consistently showed ZnO-dominant crystalline phases (XRD), smaller and more uniform particle size (SEM, DLS), and reduced trace contaminants versus many traditional preparations. Pharmacological studies reported antidiabetic, antioxidant, and wound-healing effects in preclinical models; clinical data remain limited and small-scale. Conclusion: EMF pu?a improves reproducibility and physicochemical consistency of Ya?ada Bhasma while preserving many classical quality parameters. High-quality toxicology and randomized clinical studies are needed.